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A P AK AH M E MAK A I C AD AR I T U WA J I B ? D r . Y u s u f Q a r d h aw i ( 1 / 6 ) P E R T AN Y AAN S a y a t e l a h memb a c a t u l i s a n U s t a d z y a n g memb e l a c a d a r d a n me n y a n g k a l p e n d a p a t o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g me n g a t a k a n b a hwa c a d a r i t u b i d ' a h , t r a d i s i l u a r y a n g ma s u k k e d a l am ma s y a r a k a t I s l am , d a n s ama s e k a l i b u k a n d a r i a j a r a n I s l am . U s t a d z j u g a me n j e l a s k a n b a hwa p e n d a p a t y a n g mewa j i b k a n c a d a r b a g i wa n i t a i t u t e r d a p a t d a l am f i q i h I s l am . An d a b e r s i k a p mo d e r a t t e r h a d a p p e r s o a l a n c a d a r d a n wa n i t a - wa n i t a b e r c a d a r , me s k i p u n k am i t a h u An d a t i d a k mewa j i b k a n c a d a r S e k a r a n g k am i me n g h a r a p k e p a d a An d a - s e b a g a i ma n a An d a t e l a h b e r s i k a p mo d e r a t me n g e n a i wa n i t a b e r c a d a r i n i d a r i wa n i t a y a n g s u k a b u k a - b u k a a n , y a n g s u k a memb u k a a u r a t - a g a r An d a b e r s i k a p mo d e r a t t e r h a d a p k am i y a n g b e r j i l b a b ( t e t a p i t i d a k b e r c a d a r ) d a n s a u d a r a - s a u d a r a k am i y a n g b e r c a d a r , t e r ma s u k t e r h a d a p k awa n - k awa n me r e k a y a n g s e l a l u me n y e r u k a n c a d a r . M e r e k a y a n g d a r i wa k t u k e wa k t u t i d a k h e n t i - h e n t i n y a me n j e l e k - j e l e k k a n k am i , k a r e n a k am i t i d a k me n u t u p wa j a h . M e r e k a b e r a n g g a p a n b a hwa y a n g d em i k i a n i t u me n g u n d a n g f i t n a h k a r e n a wa j a h me r u p a k a n p u s a t k e i n d a h a n ( k e c a n t i k a n ) . O l e h s e b a b i t u , me r e k a b e r p e n d a p a t b a hwa k am i t e l a h me n e n t a n g A l - Q u r ' a n d a n A s - S u n n a h s e r t a p e t u n j u k s a l a f k a r e n a k am i memb i a r k a n wa j a h t e r b u k a . K a d a n g - k a d a n g c e l a a n i n i d i a l ama t k a n k e p a d a An d a s e n d i r i , k a r e n a An d a memb e l a h i j a b ( j i l b a b ) d a n t i d a k memb e l a c a d a r . D em i k i a n p u l a y a n g d i a l ama t k a n k e p a d a F a d h i l a h a s y - S y e k h Mu h amma d a l - G h a z a l i . B e b e r a p a u l ama me n g emu k a k a n s a n g g a h a n t e r h a d a p b e l i a u me l a l u i b e b e r a p a s u r a t k a b a r d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a T e l u k . K am i h a r a p An d a t i d a k me n y u r u h k am i u n t u k memb a c a k emb a l i t u l i s a n An d a d a l am k i t a b a l - H a l a l wa l - H a r am f i l - l s l am d a n k i t a b F a t aw i Mu ' a s h i r a h me s k i p u n d a l am k e d u a k i t a b t e r s e b u t s u d a h t e r d a p a t k e t e r a n g a n y a n g mema d a i . N amu n , k am i ma s i h me n g i n g i n k a n t amb a h a n p e n j e l a s a n l a g i u n t u k mema n t a p k a n h u j j a h , me n e r a n g i j a l a n , me n g h i l a n g k a n u d z u r , me n g h a p u s k a n k e r a g u a n d e n g a n k e y a k i n a n , s e r t a u n t u k me n g h e n t i k a n p o l em i k d a n p e r d e b a t a n y a n g t e r u s b e r l a n g s u n g me n g e n a i ma s a l a h i n i . S emo g a A l l a h me n j a d i k a n k e b e n a r a n p a d a l i s a n d a n t u l i s a n An d a . J AWAB AN T i d a k a d a a l a s a n b a g i s a y a u n t u k d i am d a n me r a s a c u k u p d e n g a n a p a y a n g p e r n a h s a y a t u l i s s e b e l umn y a . S a y a t a h u b a hwa p e r d e b a t a n me n g e n a i ma s a l a h - ma s a l a h k h i l a f i y a h i t u t i d a k a k a n s e l e s a i d e n g a n a d a n y a ma k a l a h - ma k a l a h d a n t u l i s a n - t u l i s a n l e p a s , b a h k a n d a l am b e n t u k s e b u a h b u k u ( k i t a b ) s e k a l i p u n . S e l ama s e b a b - s e b a b p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t i t u ma s i h a d a , ma k a i k h t i l a f ( p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t ) i t u a k a n s e n a n t i a s a a d a d i a n t a r a ma n u s i a , me s k i p u n me r e k a s ama - s ama mu s l i m , p a t u h p a d a a g ama n y a , d a n i k h l a s . B a h k a n k a d a n g - k a d a n g k om i t me n d a n k e i k h l a s a n t e r h a d a p a g ama me n y e b a b k a n p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t i t u s ema k i n t a j am . M a s i n g - ma s i n g p i h a k i n g i n me n g u n g g u l k a n d a n memb e r l a k u k a n p e n d a p a t y a n g d i y a k i n i n y a b e n a r s e b a g a i a j a r a n a g ama y a n g a k a n d i p e r h i t u n g k a n d e n g a n me n d a p a t k a n p a h a l a ( b a g i y a n g me l a k s a n a k a n n y a ) a t a u me n d a p a t k a n h u k uma n ( b a g i y a n g me l a n g g a r n y a ) . P e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t i t u a k a n t e r u s b e r l a n g s u n g s e l ama n a s h - n a s h n y a s e n d i r i - y a n g me r u p a k a n s umb e r p e n g g a l i a n h u k um - ma s i h me n e r i ma k emu n g k i n a n p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g p e r i wa y a t a n d a n p e t u n j u k n y a , s e l ama p ema h ama n d a n k emamp u a n ma n u s i a u n t u k me n g i s t i mb a t h ( me n g g a l i d a n me n g e l u a r k a n ) h u k um ma s i h b e r b e d a - b e d a , d a n s e p a n j a n g ma s i h a d a k emu n g k i n a n u n t u k me n g amb i l z h a h i r n a s h a t a u k a n d u n g a n n y a , y a n g t e r s u r a t a t a u y a n g t e r s i r a t , y a n g r u k h s h a h ( me r u p a k a n k e r i n g a n a n ) a t a u p u n y a n g ' a z i ma h ( h u k um a s a l ) , y a n g l e b i h h a t i - h a t i a t a u y a n g l e b i h mu d a h . P e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t a k a n s e n a n t i a s a mu n c u l s e l ama ma n u s i a ma s i h a d a y a n g b e r s i k a p k e t a t s e p e r t i I b n u Uma r d a n a d a y a n g b e r s i k a p l o n g g a r s e p e r t i I b n u Ab b a s ; d a n s e l ama d i a n t a r a me r e k a ma s i h a d a o r a n g y a n g me n u n a i k a n s h a l a t a s h a r d i t e n g a h j a l a n d a n a d a y a n g t i d a k me n u n a i k a n n y a me l a i n k a n d i p e r k amp u n g a n B a n i Q u r a i z h a h ( s e t e l a h s amp a i d i s a n a ) . Ad a l a h me r u p a k a n r a hma t A l l a h b a hwa p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t s e p e r t i i n i t i d a k t e r l a r a n g d a n b u k a n p e r b u a t a n d o s a , d a n o r a n g y a n g k e l i r u d a l am b e r i j t i h a d i n i d i ma a f k a n b a h k a n me n d a p a t p a h a l a s a t u . B a h k a n a d a o r a n g y a n g me n g a t a k a n , " T i d a k a d a y a n g s a l a h d a l am i j t i h a d - i j t i h a d f u r u ' i y a h i n i , s emu a n y a b e n a r . " P a r a s a h a b a t d a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g me n g i k u t i me r e k a d e n g a n b a i k j u g a s e r i n g b e r b e d a p e n d a p a t a n t a r a y a n g s a t u d e n g a n y a n g l a i n me n g e n a i ma s a l a h - ma s a l a h f u r u ' ( c a b a n g ) d a l am a g ama , n amu n me r e k a t i d a k me n g a n g g a p h a l i t u s e b a g a i b a h a y a . M e r e k a t e t a p b e r s i k a p t o l e r a n , d a n s e b a g i a n me r e k a s h a l a t d i b e l a k a n g s e b a g i a n y a n g l a i n , t a n p a a d a y a n g me n g i n g k a r i . D e n g a n me n y a d a r i b a hwa p e r b e d a a n p e n d a p a t i t u a k a n s e n a n t i a s a a d a , ma k a s a y a h a r u s me n j awa b p e r t a n y a a n i n i , d a n s a y a a k a n me n g u l a n g i t ema t e r s e b u t d e n g a n me n amb a h k a n p e n j e l a s a n . Mu d a h - mu d a h a n A l l a h memb e r i t a u f i k k e p a d a s a y a h i n g g a mamp u me n g u n g k a p k a n p e r k a t a a n y a n g b e n a r , y a n g d a p a t memu t u s k a n p e r s e l i s i h a n a t a u - m i n i ma l - me n g u r a n g i k e t a j ama n n y a , y a n g me l u n a k k a n k e k e r a s a n n y a s e h i n g g a h a t i wa n i t a y a n g b e r h i j a b ( t e t a p i t i d a k b e r c a d a r ) me r a s a r i a n g d a n memu d a h k a n u r u s a n b a g i y a n g me n g uma n d a n g k a n c a d a r ( u n t u k mema k a i n y a ) . M E M P E R L I H A T K AN MU K A D AN T ANG AN M E NU R U T P E ND A P A T J U MH U R U L AMA I n g i n s e g e r a s a y a t e g a s k a n d i s i n i t e n t a n g s u a t u h a k i k a t y a n g s e b e n a r n y a s u d a h t i d a k p e r l u p e n e g a s a n , k a r e n a d i k a l a n g a n a h l i i l mu h a l i t u s u d a h t e r k e n a l d a n t i d a k s ama r l a g i , s u d a h ma s y h u r d a n t i d a k a s i n g l a g i , y a i t u b a hwa p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g t i d a k wa j i b n y a mema k a i c a d a r s e r t a b o l e h n y a memb u k a wa j a h d a n k e d u a t e l a p a k t a n g a n b a g i wa n i t a mu s l i ma h d i d e p a n l a k i - l a k i l a i n y a n g b u k a n mu h r i mn y a a d a l a h p e n d a p a t j umh u r f u q a h a uma t s eme n j a k z ama n s a h a b a t r . a . . K a r e n a i t u t i d a k p e r l u d i p e r t e n g k a r k a n , s e b a g a i ma n a y a n g d i t i mb u l k a n o l e h s e b a g i a n y a n g i k h l a s t e t a p i t i d a k b e r i l mu d a n o l e h s e b a g i a n p e l a j a r d a n i l muwa n y a n g b e r s i k a p k e t a t t e r h a d a p p e n d a p a t y a n g d i k emu k a k a n s e o r a n g d a ' i k o n d a n g S y e k h Mu h amma d a l - G h a z a l i d a l am b e b e r a p a b u k u d a n ma k a l a h n y a . M e r e k a b e r a n g g a p a n s e a k a n - a k a n b e l i a u memb awa b i d ' a h a t a u p e n d a p a t b a r u , p a d a h a l s e b e n a r n y a a p a y a n g b e l i a u k emu k a k a n i t u me r u p a k a n p e n d a p a t i mam - i mam y a n g mu ' t a b a r d a n f u q a h a y a n g a n d a l , s e b a g a i ma n a y a n g a k a n s a y a j e l a s k a n k emu d i a n . S e l a i n i t u , a p a y a n g b e l i a u k emu k a k a n me r u p a k a n p e n d a p a t y a n g d i d u k u n g o l e h d a l i l - d a l i l d a n a t s a r , d i s a n d a r k a n p a d a p e n a l a r a n d a n i ' t i b a r , d a n d i d u k u n g p u l a o l e h r e a l i t a s d a l am b e b e r a p a z ama n . MA Z H AB H ANA F I D a l am k i t a b a l - I k h t i y a r , s a l a h s a t u k i t a b M a z h a b H a n a f i , d i s e b u t k a n : T i d a k d i p e r b o l e h k a n me l i h a t wa n i t a l a i n k e c u a l i wa j a h d a n t e l a p a k t a n g a n n y a , j i k a t i d a k d i k h awa t i r k a n t i mb u l s y a hwa t . D a n d i r i wa y a t k a n d a r i Ab u H a n i f a h b a hwa b e l i a u me n amb a h k a n d e n g a n k a k i , k a r e n a p a d a y a n g d em i k i a n i t u a d a k e d a r u r a t a n u n t u k me n g amb i l d a n memb e r i s e r t a u n t u k me n g e n a l wa j a h n y a k e t i k a b e r mu ama l a h d e n g a n o r a n g l a i n , u n t u k me n e g a k k a n k e h i d u p a n d a n k e b u t u h a n n y a , k a r e n a t i d a k a d a n y a o r a n g y a n g me l a k s a n a k a n s e b a b - s e b a b p e n g h i d u p a n n y a . B e l i a u b e r k a t a : S e b a g a i d a s a r n y a i a l a h f i r ma n A l l a h , " D a n j a n g a n l a h me r e k a me n amp a k k a n p e r h i a s a n n y a k e c u a l i a p a y a n g b i a s a t amp a k d a r i p a d a n y a . " ( a n - Nu r : 3 1 ) P a r a s a h a b a t p a d a umumn y a b e r p e n d a p a t b a hwa y a n g d i ma k s u d a y a t t e r s e b u t i a l a h c e l a k d a n c i n c i n , y a i t u t emp a t n y a ( b a g i a n t u b u h y a n g d i t emp a t i c e l a k d a n c i n c i n ) . H a l i n i s e b a g a i ma n a t e l a h s a y a j e l a s k a n b a hwa c e l a k , c i n c i n , d a n ma c am - ma c am p e r h i a s a n i t u h a l a l d i l i h a t o l e h k e r a b a t ma u p u n o r a n g l a i n . M a k a y a n g d i ma k s u d d i s i n i i a l a h ' t emp a t p e r h i a s a n i t u , ' d e n g a n j a l a n memb u a n g mu d h a f d a n me n emp a t k a n mu d h a f i l a i h p a d a t emp a t n y a . B e l i a u b e r k a t a , a d a p u n k a k i , ma k a d i r i wa y a t k a n b a hwa i a b u k a n l a h a u r a t s e c a r a mu t l a k , k a r e n a b a g i a n i n i d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k b e r j a l a n s e h i n g g a a k a n t amp a k . S e l a i n i t u , k emu n g k i n a n t i mb u l n y a s y a hwa t k a r e n a me l i h a t mu k a d a n t a n g a n i t u l e b i h b e s a r , ma k a h a l a l n y a me l i h a t k a k i a d a l a h l e b i h u t ama . D a l am s a t u r i wa y a t d i s e b u t k a n , k a k i i t u a d a l a h a u r a t u n t u k d i p a n d a n g , b u k a n u n t u k s h a l a t . 1 MA Z H AB MA L I K I D a l am s y a r a h s h a g h i r ( p e n j e l a s a n r i n g k a s ) k a r y a a d - D a r d i r y a n g b e r j u d u l Aq r a b u l M a s a l i k i l a a M a l i k , d i s e b u t k a n : " Au r a t wa n i t a me r d e k a t e r h a d a p l a k i - l a k i a s i n g , y a k n i y a n g b u k a n ma h r amn y a , i a l a h s e l u r u h t u b u h n y a s e l a i n wa j a h d a n t e l a p a k t a n g a n . Ad a p u n s e l a i n i t u b u k a n l a h a u r a t . " A s h - S h aw i me n g ome n t a r i p e n d a p a t t e r s e b u t d a l am H a s y i y a h - n y a , k a t a n y a , " M a k s u d n y a , b o l e h me l i h a t n y a , b a i k b a g i a n l u a r ma u p u n b a g i a n d a l am ( t a n g a n i t u ) , t a n p a ma k s u d b e r l e z a t - l e z a t d a n me r a s a k a n n y a , d a n j i k a t i d a k d em i k i a n ma k a h u k umn y a h a r am . " B e l i a u b e r k a t a , " Ap a k a h p a d a wa k t u i t u wa j i b me n u t u p wa j a h d a n k e d u a t a n g a n n y a ? " I t u l a h p e n d a p a t I b n u M a r z u q y a n g me n g a t a k a n b a hwa i n i me r u p a k a n ma z h a b ( M a l i k i ) y a n g ma s y h u r . A t a u , a p a k a h wa n i t a t i d a k wa j i b me n u t u p wa j a h d a n t a n g a n n y a h a n y a s i l a k i - l a k i y a n g h a r u s me n u n d u k k a n p a n d a n g a n n y a ? I n i a d a l a h p e n d a p a t y a n g d i n u k i l o l e h a l - M awa q d a r i ' I y a d h . S e d a n g k a n Z u r r u q me r i n c i d a l am S y a r a h a l - Wa g h l i s i y a h a n t a r a wa n i t a y a n g c a n t i k d a n y a n g t i d a k , y a n g c a n t i k wa j i b me n u t u p n y a , s e d a n g k a n y a n g t i d a k c a n t i k h a n y a mu s t a h a b . 2 MA Z H AB S Y A F I ' I A s y - S y i r a z i , s a l a h s e o r a n g u l ama S y a f i ' i y a h , p e n g a r a n g k i t a b a l - Mu h a d z d z a b me n g a t a k a n : " Ad a p u n wa n i t a me r d e k a , ma k a s e l u r u h t u b u h n y a a d a l a h a u r a t , k e c u a l i wa j a h d a n t e l a p a k t a n g a n - I mam N awaw i b e r k a t a : h i n g g a p e r g e l a n g a n t a n g a n - b e r d a s a r k a n f i r ma n A l l a h ' D a n j a n g a n l a h me r e k a me n amp a k k a n p e r h i a s a n n y a k e c u a l i a p a y a n g b i a s a t amp a k d a r i p a d a n y a . ' I b n u Ab b a s b e r k a t a , ' Wa j a h n y a d a n k e d u a t e l a p a k t a n g a n n y a .